eigen {base} | R Documentation

## Spectral Decomposition of a Matrix

### Description

Computes eigenvalues and eigenvectors of real (double, integer, logical) or complex matrices.

### Usage

    eigen(x, symmetric, only.values = FALSE, EISPACK = FALSE)

### Arguments

`x` | a matrix whose spectral decomposition is to be computed.
`symmetric` | if `TRUE`, the matrix is assumed to be symmetric (or Hermitian if complex) and only its lower triangle (diagonal included) is used. If `symmetric` is not specified, the matrix is inspected for symmetry.
`only.values` | if `TRUE`, only the eigenvalues are computed and returned, otherwise both eigenvalues and eigenvectors are returned.
`EISPACK` | logical. Should EISPACK be used (for compatibility with R < 1.7.0)?

### Details

If `symmetric` is unspecified, the code attempts to determine if the matrix is symmetric up to plausible numerical inaccuracies. It is faster and surer to set the value yourself.

`eigen` is preferred to `eigen(EISPACK = TRUE)` for new projects, but its eigenvectors may differ in sign and (in the asymmetric case) in normalization. (They may also differ between methods and between platforms.)

Computing the eigenvectors is the slow part for large matrices.

Computing the eigendecomposition of a matrix is subject to errors on a real-world computer: the definitive analysis is Wilkinson (1965). All you can hope for is a solution to a problem suitably close to `x`. So even though a real asymmetric `x` may have an algebraic solution with repeated real eigenvalues, the computed solution may be of a similar matrix with complex conjugate pairs of eigenvalues.

### Value

The spectral decomposition of `x` is returned as components of a list with components

`values` | a vector containing the p eigenvalues of `x`, sorted in decreasing order, according to `Mod(values)` in the asymmetric case when they might be complex (even for real matrices). For real asymmetric matrices the vector will be complex only if complex conjugate pairs of eigenvalues are detected.
`vectors` | either a p * p matrix whose columns contain the eigenvectors of `x`, or `NULL` if `only.values` is `TRUE`. For `eigen(, symmetric = FALSE, EISPACK =TRUE)` the choice of length of the eigenvectors is not defined by EISPACK. In all other cases the vectors are normalized to unit length. Recall that the eigenvectors are only defined up to a constant: even when the length is specified they are still only defined up to a scalar of modulus one (the sign for real matrices).

If `r <- eigen(A)`, and `V <- r$vectors; lam <- r$values`, then

A = V Lmbd V^(-1)

(up to numerical fuzz), where Lmbd =`diag(lam)`.

### Note

`EISPACK = TRUE` (for compatibility with R < 1.7.0) was formally deprecated in R 2.15.2.

### Source

By default `eigen` uses the LAPACK routines `DSYEVR`, `DGEEV`, `ZHEEV` and `ZGEEV` whereas `eigen(EISPACK = TRUE)` provides an interface to the EISPACK routines `RS`, `RG`, `CH` and `CG`.

LAPACK and EISPACK are from http://www.netlib.org/lapack and http://www.netlib.org/eispack and their guides are listed in the references.

### References

Anderson. E. and ten others (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide. Third Edition. SIAM.
Available on-line at http://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug/lapack_lug.html.

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

Smith, B. T, Boyle, J. M., Dongarra, J. J., Garbow, B. S., Ikebe,Y., Klema, V., and Moler, C. B. (1976). Matrix Eigensystems Routines – EISPACK Guide. Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6.

Wilkinson, J. H. (1965) The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Wilkinson, J. H. and Reinsch, C. (1971) Linear Algebra. Volume II of Handbook for Automatic Computation, Springer-Verlag.
[Original source for EISPACK, in ALGOL.]

### See Also

`svd`, a generalization of `eigen`; `qr`, and `chol` for related decompositions.

To compute the determinant of a matrix, the `qr` decomposition is much more efficient: `det`.

### Examples

    eigen(cbind(c(1,-1),c(-1,1)))
    eigen(cbind(c(1,-1),c(-1,1)), symmetric = FALSE)
    # same (different algorithm).

    eigen(cbind(1,c(1,-1)), only.values = TRUE)
    eigen(cbind(-1,2:1)) # complex values
    eigen(print(cbind(c(0,1i), c(-1i,0))))# Hermite ==> real Eigen values
    ## 3 x 3:
    eigen(cbind( 1,3:1,1:3))
    eigen(cbind(-1,c(1:2,0),0:2)) # complex values

[Package base version 2.15.2 Index]