INOTIFY(7)

NAME
inotify - monitoring file system events

DESCRIPTION
The inotify API provides a mechanism for monitoring file system events. Inotify can be used to monitor individual files, or to monitor directories. When a directory is monitored, inotify will return events for the directory itself, and for files inside the directory. The following system calls are used with this API: inotify_init(2), inotify_add_watch(2), inotify_rm_watch(2), read(2), and close(2). inotify_init(2) creates an inotify instance and returns a file descriptor referring to the inotify instance. inotify_add_watch(2) manipulates the "watch list" associated with an inotify instance. Each item ("watch") in the watch list specifies the pathname of a file or directory, along with some set of events that the kernel should monitor for the file referred to by that pathname. inotify_add_watch(2) either creates a new watch item, or modifies an existing watch. Each watch has a unique "watch descriptor", an integer returned by inotify_add_watch(2) when the watch is created. inotify_rm_watch(2) removes an item from an inotify watch list. When all file descriptors referring to an inotify instance have been closed, the underlying object and its resources are freed for re-use by the kernel; all associated watches are automatically freed. To determine what events have occurred, an application read(2)s from the inotify file descriptor. If no events have so far occurred, then, assuming a blocking file descriptor, read(2) will block until at least one event occurs. Each successful read(2) returns a buffer containing one or more of the following structures:
struct inotify_event {
    int      wd;       /* Watch descriptor */
    uint32_t mask;     /* Mask of events */
    uint32_t cookie;   /* Unique cookie associating related
                          events (for rename(2)) */
    uint32_t len;      /* Size of 'name' field */
    char     name[];   /* Optional null-terminated name */
};
wd identifies the watch for which this event occurs. It is one of the watch descriptors returned by a previous call to inotify_add_watch(2). mask contains bits that describe the event that occurred (see below). cookie is a unique integer that connects related events. Currently this is only used for rename events, and allows the resulting pair of IN_MOVE_FROM and IN_MOVE_TO events to be connected by the application. The name field is only present when an event is returned for a file inside a watched directory; it identifies the file pathname relative to the watched directory. This pathname is null-terminated, and may include further null bytes to align subsequent reads to a suitable address boundary. The len field counts all of the bytes in name, including the null bytes; the length of each inotify_event structure is thus sizeof(inotify_event)+len. The behavior when the buffer given to read(2) is too small to return information about the next event depends on the kernel version: in kernels before 2.6.21, read(2) returns 0; since kernel 2.6.21, read(2) fails with the error EINVAL.

  inotify events
The inotify_add_watch(2) mask argument and the mask field of the inotify_event structure returned when read(2)ing an inotify file descriptor are both bit masks identifying inotify events. The following bits can be specified in mask when calling inotify_add_watch(2) and may be returned in the mask field returned by read(2):
Bit | Description
IN_ACCESS | File was accessed (read) (*)
IN_ATTRIB | Metadata changed (permissions, timestamps,
 | extended attributes, etc.) (*)
IN_CLOSE_WRITE | File opened for writing was closed (*)
IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE | File not opened for writing was closed (*)
IN_CREATE | File/directory created in watched directory (*)
IN_DELETE | File/directory deleted from watched directory (*)
IN_DELETE_SELF | Watched file/directory was itself deleted
IN_MODIFY | File was modified (*)
IN_MOVE_SELF | Watched file/directory was itself moved
IN_MOVED_FROM | File moved out of watched directory (*)
IN_MOVED_TO | File moved into watched directory (*)
IN_OPEN | File was opened (*)

When monitoring a directory, the events marked with an asterisk (*) above can occur for files in the directory, in which case the name field in the returned inotify_event structure identifies the name of the file within the directory.

The IN_ALL_EVENTS macro is defined as a bit mask of all of the above events. This macro can be used as the mask argument when calling inotify_add_watch(2). Two additional convenience macros are IN_MOVE, which equates to IN_MOVED_FROM|IN_MOVED_TO, and IN_CLOSE which equates to IN_CLOSE_WRITE|IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE.

The following further bits can be specified in mask when calling inotify_add_watch(2):
Bit | Description
IN_DONT_FOLLOW | Don't dereference pathname if it is a symbolic link
 | (Since Linux 2.6.15)
IN_MASK_ADD | Add (OR) events to watch mask for this pathname if
 | it already exists (instead of replacing mask)
IN_ONESHOT | Monitor pathname for one event, then remove from
 | watch list
IN_ONLYDIR | Only watch pathname if it is a directory
 | (Since Linux 2.6.15)

The following bits may be set in the mask field returned by read(2):
Bit | Description
IN_IGNORED | Watch was removed explicitly (inotify_rm_watch(2))
 | or automatically (file was deleted, or
 | file system was unmounted)
IN_ISDIR | Subject of this event is a directory
IN_Q_OVERFLOW | Event queue overflowed (wd is -1 for this event)
IN_UNMOUNT | File system containing watched object was unmounted

  /proc interfaces
The following interfaces can be used to limit the amount of kernel memory consumed by inotify:

/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_queued_events
    The value in this file is used when an application calls inotify_init(2) to set an upper limit on the number of events that can be queued to the corresponding inotify instance. Events in excess of this limit are dropped, but an IN_Q_OVERFLOW event is always generated.

/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_instances
    This specifies an upper limit on the number of inotify instances that can be created per real user ID.

/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches
    This specifies a limit on the number of watches that can be associated with each inotify instance.

VERSIONS
Inotify was merged into the 2.6.13 Linux kernel. The required library interfaces were added to glibc in version 2.4. (IN_DONT_FOLLOW, IN_MASK_ADD, and IN_ONLYDIR were only added in version 2.5.)

CONFORMING TO
The inotify API is Linux specific.

NOTES
Inotify file descriptors can be monitored using select(2), poll(2), and epoll(7). If successive output inotify events produced on the inotify file descriptor are identical (same wd, mask, cookie, and name) then they are coalesced into a single event. The events returned by reading from an inotify file descriptor form an ordered queue. Thus, for example, it is guaranteed that when renaming from one directory to another, events will be produced in the correct order on the inotify file descriptor. The FIONREAD ioctl(2) returns the number of bytes available to read from an inotify file descriptor. Inotify monitoring of directories is not recursive: to monitor subdirectories under a directory, additional watches must be created.

BUGS
In kernels before 2.6.16, the IN_ONESHOT mask flag does not work.

SEE ALSO
inotify_add_watch(2), inotify_init(2), inotify_rm_watch(2), read(2), stat(2), Documentation/filesystems/inotify.txt.