# SCSI Interfaces Guide

James
Bottomley

                James.Bottomley@hansenpartnership.com

Rob
Landley

                rob@landley.net

2007
Linux Foundation

This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. For more details see the file COPYING in the source distribution of Linux.

## Introduction

### Protocol vs bus

Once upon a time, the Small Computer Systems Interface defined both a parallel I/O bus and a data protocol to connect a wide variety of peripherals (disk drives, tape drives, modems, printers, scanners, optical drives, test equipment, and medical devices) to a host computer.

Although the old parallel (fast/wide/ultra) SCSI bus has largely fallen out of use, the SCSI command set is more widely used than ever to communicate with devices over a number of different busses.

The SCSI protocol is a big-endian peer-to-peer packet based protocol. SCSI commands are 6, 10, 12, or 16 bytes long, often followed by an associated data payload.

SCSI commands can be transported over just about any kind of bus, and are the default protocol for storage devices attached to USB, SATA, SAS, Fibre Channel, FireWire, and ATAPI devices. SCSI packets are also commonly exchanged over Infiniband, I20, TCP/IP (iSCSI), even Parallel ports.

### Design of the Linux SCSI subsystem

The SCSI subsystem uses a three layer design, with upper, mid, and low layers. Every operation involving the SCSI subsystem (such as reading a sector from a disk) uses one driver at each of the 3 levels: one upper layer driver, one lower layer driver, and the SCSI midlayer.

The SCSI upper layer provides the interface between userspace and the kernel, in the form of block and char device nodes for I/O and ioctl(). The SCSI lower layer contains drivers for specific hardware devices.

In between is the SCSI mid-layer, analogous to a network routing layer such as the IPv4 stack. The SCSI mid-layer routes a packet based data protocol between the upper layer's /dev nodes and the corresponding devices in the lower layer. It manages command queues, provides error handling and power management functions, and responds to ioctl() requests.

## SCSI upper layer

The upper layer supports the user-kernel interface by providing device nodes.

### sd (SCSI Disk)

sd (sd_mod.o)

### sr (SCSI CD-ROM)

sr (sr_mod.o)

### st (SCSI Tape)

st (st.o)

### sg (SCSI Generic)

sg (sg.o)

### ch (SCSI Media Changer)

ch (ch.c)

## SCSI mid layer

### SCSI midlayer implementation

#### include/scsi/scsi_device.h

!Iinclude/scsi/scsi_device.h

#### drivers/scsi/scsi.c

Main file for the SCSI midlayer.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsicam.c

SCSI Common Access Method support functions, for use with HDIO_GETGEO, etc.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsicam.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c

Common SCSI error/timeout handling routines.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_error.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_devinfo.c

Manage scsi_dev_info_list, which tracks blacklisted and whitelisted devices.

!Idrivers/scsi/scsi_devinfo.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_ioctl.c

Handle ioctl() calls for SCSI devices.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_ioctl.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_lib.c

SCSI queuing library.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_lib.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_lib_dma.c

SCSI library functions depending on DMA (map and unmap scatter-gather lists).

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_lib_dma.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_module.c

The file drivers/scsi/scsi_module.c contains legacy support for old-style host templates. It should never be used by any new driver.

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_proc.c

The functions in this file provide an interface between the PROC file system and the SCSI device drivers It is mainly used for debugging, statistics and to pass information directly to the lowlevel driver.

I.E. plumbing to manage /proc/scsi/*

!Idrivers/scsi/scsi_proc.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_netlink.c

Infrastructure to provide async events from transports to userspace via netlink, using a single NETLINK_SCSITRANSPORT protocol for all transports.

See the original patch submission for more details.

!Idrivers/scsi/scsi_netlink.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_scan.c

Scan a host to determine which (if any) devices are attached.

The general scanning/probing algorithm is as follows, exceptions are made to it depending on device specific flags, compilation options, and global variable (boot or module load time) settings.

A specific LUN is scanned via an INQUIRY command; if the LUN has a device attached, a scsi_device is allocated and setup for it.

For every id of every channel on the given host, start by scanning LUN 0. Skip hosts that don't respond at all to a scan of LUN 0. Otherwise, if LUN 0 has a device attached, allocate and setup a scsi_device for it. If target is SCSI-3 or up, issue a REPORT LUN, and scan all of the LUNs returned by the REPORT LUN; else, sequentially scan LUNs up until some maximum is reached, or a LUN is seen that cannot have a device attached to it.

!Idrivers/scsi/scsi_scan.c

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_sysctl.c

Set up the sysctl entry: "/dev/scsi/logging_level" (DEV_SCSI_LOGGING_LEVEL) which sets/returns scsi_logging_level.

#### drivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c

SCSI sysfs interface routines.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c

#### drivers/scsi/hosts.c

mid to lowlevel SCSI driver interface

!Edrivers/scsi/hosts.c

#### drivers/scsi/constants.c

mid to lowlevel SCSI driver interface

!Edrivers/scsi/constants.c

### Transport classes

Transport classes are service libraries for drivers in the SCSI lower layer, which expose transport attributes in sysfs.

#### Fibre Channel transport

The file drivers/scsi/scsi_transport_fc.c defines transport attributes for Fibre Channel.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_transport_fc.c

#### iSCSI transport class

The file drivers/scsi/scsi_transport_iscsi.c defines transport attributes for the iSCSI class, which sends SCSI packets over TCP/IP connections.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_transport_iscsi.c

#### Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) transport class

The file drivers/scsi/scsi_transport_sas.c defines transport attributes for Serial Attached SCSI, a variant of SATA aimed at large high-end systems.

The SAS transport class contains common code to deal with SAS HBAs, an aproximated representation of SAS topologies in the driver model, and various sysfs attributes to expose these topologies and management interfaces to userspace.

In addition to the basic SCSI core objects this transport class introduces two additional intermediate objects: The SAS PHY as represented by struct sas_phy defines an "outgoing" PHY on a SAS HBA or Expander, and the SAS remote PHY represented by struct sas_rphy defines an "incoming" PHY on a SAS Expander or end device. Note that this is purely a software concept, the underlying hardware for a PHY and a remote PHY is the exactly the same.

There is no concept of a SAS port in this code, users can see what PHYs form a wide port based on the port_identifier attribute, which is the same for all PHYs in a port.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_transport_sas.c

#### SATA transport class

The SATA transport is handled by libata, which has its own book of documentation in this directory.

#### Parallel SCSI (SPI) transport class

The file drivers/scsi/scsi_transport_spi.c defines transport attributes for traditional (fast/wide/ultra) SCSI busses.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_transport_spi.c

#### SCSI RDMA (SRP) transport class

The file drivers/scsi/scsi_transport_srp.c defines transport attributes for SCSI over Remote Direct Memory Access.

!Edrivers/scsi/scsi_transport_srp.c

## SCSI lower layer

### Host Bus Adapter transport types

Many modern device controllers use the SCSI command set as a protocol to communicate with their devices through many different types of physical connections.

In SCSI language a bus capable of carrying SCSI commands is called a "transport", and a controller connecting to such a bus is called a "host bus adapter" (HBA).

#### Debug transport

The file drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c simulates a host adapter with a variable number of disks (or disk like devices) attached, sharing a common amount of RAM. Does a lot of checking to make sure that we are not getting blocks mixed up, and panics the kernel if anything out of the ordinary is seen.

To be more realistic, the simulated devices have the transport attributes of SAS disks.

For documentation see http://www.torque.net/sg/sdebug26.html

#### todo

Parallel (fast/wide/ultra) SCSI, USB, SATA, SAS, Fibre Channel, FireWire, ATAPI devices, Infiniband, I20, iSCSI, Parallel ports, netlink...